ThinGs tO kNow aBout...: TCP/IP|How it works??

Hi friends , Today i am going to tell you in brief "How TCP/IP works" ????
You might have heard or saw the word TCP/IP somewhere in your PC or Somewhere else.Actually its is the most Important protocol or we can say steps which plays vital role in providing INTERNET.

Lets begin the discussion of TCP /IP with its short Introduction.

Introduction :
First of all You have to Know what is TCP and IP stands for.
The full form of
TCP is Transmission Control protocol and
IP stands for Internet Protocol.

This means TCP/IP is a collection of two different protocols, which together help in transmission of data from one computer to other.

Brief History :
It is designed for large internetworks which was developed in 1969 by U.S Department of defence (DoD) which was a result of resource sharing experiment called Advance research project agency network (ARPANET). since then ARPANET grown into a world wide community of networks known as INTERNET.

How it works :
In the process of transmission of data ,first protocol that come into existence is Internet protocol .

This protocol mainly deals with ip address, subnet mask , etc.

The main work of IP protocol , is to find the device with which we want to communicate by using ip address.

It just pings the the computer that it want to communicate.

Locating the the computer with which it want to communicate, is possible due to a presence another protocol, which is a part of tcp/ip and it is called ICMP ( internet control message protocol)

ICMP is the protocol which makes computer to talk to each other .
It involves echo request process.e.g

Thus IP protocol tells how computers discover each other using IP address and talk to each other .

Once computers find each other , then TCP come into existence .

This protocol tells how ,data is transmitted between these two computers.

Here a concept called windowing will take care of data transmission.

Here at first whole data (like a document ) is divided into packets . You have to know that millions of packets makes a document .

In TCP without sending whole document it will send it in the form of packets.

You can see from fig as shown right hand side , initially sends only one packet and receives a acknowledgement that i 1st packet has been received.

second time it doubles its packets . like from one it becomes two , from two it becomes four , from four to eight packets and so on sends whole document .

This is called Windowing .
windowing means , no of packets keeps on increasing i.e keep on doubling after receiving acknowledgement from receiver computer.

If their is loss of packets then ???

While sending a document ,their might be a problem while transmitted ,like their may be a loss of packets .

suppose while transmitting 1024 packets (as packets get doubled every time , and 1024=2^10) , at receiver computer out of 1024 if only first two packets has reached the end point, i.e let the number of first packet be 1 and second 2 .

Then receiver computer will send acknowledgement that last packet received was packet 2.

Then sender computer will send only packet number 3 alone and receive acknowledgement that last packet received was packet 3.

After that it get doubles i.e number of packets get doubled. In this way again by doubling the packets , a situation will be reached in terms of 2^n(packets) which completes the whole document.This is nothing but windowing concept come into picture again.
we have seen windowing concept in our internet explorer, as we seen that in the green bar fills in different amount. sometimes it fills in more amount , sometimes it will be less.All this is Windowing.

At present we are using TCP/IP v 4 . As we can see IPv6 has also been introduced around 10 years back , but still it is better to use IPv4 , most of customers are using IPv4 , so it is impling demand is more , so we are not changing to ipv6.

Problem in IPv4 ??

This IPv4 might cause a problem in real time communication.

ALL this data transmission happens in the 4th layer of OSI model , that is Transport layer .

Last Words:
How tcp/ip works in the transport layer is clearly explained and how the packets in this transport layer is transported using windowing process.

Thats the brief explanation of TCP/IP. Hope , you understood what i have explained it here.

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